Scientific research methods\Critical appraisals - 550 Words

Scientific research methods\Critical appraisals (Essay Sample) Content: The Effectiveness of a Structured Transition Programmein Improving Glycaemic Control in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Name Institution The research (PICO) question is: In adolescents and young adults with Type 1 Diabetes, does a structured transition programme result in improved glycaemic control and reduced hospital admissions? 1.Introduction The application of evidence-based practice in the healthcare sector requires an adequate and critical appraisal of studies to ensure only the best interventions or therapies are accepted into practice. Critical appraisal involves a systematic process to recognize strengths and shortcomings of a research article to evaluate the value and validity of its findings. The role of a research consumer entails the critical appraisal of studies (Polit Beck, 2010). The appraisal process helps determine the implication of a research findings, the merits of the design, and the correctness of implementing the recommendations or findings in nursing practice (Straus, Sackett, Haynes, 2005). Elliot, Schneider, and Geri (2002) noted that critical appraisal of research articles forms the foundation of quality research because it ensures old quality work are incorporated into the nursing practice.Crombie (2000) noted the research studies should be evaluated in the context of their methodology including the study design and analysis strategies. Additionally, the statistical procedure should be appropriate for the collected data and the appropriate test carried out (Greenhalgh, 2006) The following section evaluates evidence that supports or refutes the efficacy of a structured transition programme in improving glycaemic control in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.The appraisal seeks to identify current practice in the application of structured transition programmes and how such practices can be employed to improve the transition between paediatric diabetes services to adult diabetes services. 1 Characteristics of the Research Studies 1 Description of the Studies The evaluation involves six studies which diverse in place where they were conducted and methodologies. Two of the studies were carried out in USA (Los Angeles and Winthrop University), two in Australia (Sydney andWestmead) with the remaining two being conducted in Spain and Italy each. Only one of the studies used randomized control trial (Steinbeck et al, 2014) while the other used non-randomized designs including prospective, nonrandomized trial (Sequeira et al., 2015), mixed method (Egan, Corrigan,Shurping, 2015), and retrospective examination. Steinbeck at al. (2015) recruited 26 participants who received standardized communication assistance at week 1, and three, six and 12 months after discharge from paediatric care. The intervention group was compared with standard clinical practices in which the participants were briefly contacted biannually to confirm their status. 2 Description of theInterventions The studies explored various transition interventions and programmes ranging from structured transition, comprehensive transition programme, and therapeutic education programme and structured education programmes.Steinbeck et al. (2015) evaluated the effectiveness of a comprehensive transition programme (CTP) with standard clinical practices. The CTP constituted of comprehensive communication with the patient and unbroken support from a health practitioners. Sequeiraet al. (2014)evaluated the effectiveness of a structured transition programme that incorporated specifically tailored diabetes instruction, case management, group meetings and admission to young ADS and diabetes education. Egan, Corrigan and Shurpin (2015) explored the structured transition process comprised of a transition coordinator who reminded the participants of their appointment and made the necessary changes when the participants were unavailable for the appointment. Cadario et al. (2009) integrated two groups, on e that followed a structured shiftwhilst the other followed an unstructured transition process. The structured transition involved a transition plan designed by an endocrinologist at the start of the start of adult diabetes services. Attention was given to foresee or hold-up the transfer to particular conditions such as acute hypegylcaemia. Paediatrics and adult diabetes service coordinators worked together with the parents to ensure the transition was smooth as possible. A similar transition programme was investigated by Holmes-Walker, Llewellyn and Farrell (2006).Holmes-Walker, Llewellyn and Farrell (2006) investigated a transition programme that was tailored to allocate young diabetics as they transferred from PDS to ADS, to adhere to the designed programme including visiting a diabetes specialist, a primary care clinician and a diabetes instructor. Vidal et al (2004) investigated a specifically designed programme that integrated a therapeutic education programme. The constituen t element of the therapeutic education programme included a coordinated transfer visits and a baseline evaluation of the patient. The programme sought to help patients improve their self-management, glycemic management and adherence to physiciansà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ visits. 3 Characteristics of the Structured Programme The summary of the studies and interventions is shown in the table below. Author Date Design Sample Transition Intervention Study Duration Results Outcome Measures Steinbeck et al. 2014 Randomized controlled trials 26 Comprehensive transition programme (CTP) compared with Standard clinical practice (SCP) 12 months Most Comprehensive Therapeutic Programme participants (11/14) and all SCP (2/12) completed the programme Primary outcome measures- commitment and retention in the ADS. Secondary- hemoglobin A1c, diabetes-connected hospital visits, micro-vascular complication and global self-worth. Participants (p=0.1) transferred to ADS (median transfer time = 14-15 week), both groups showed sup-optimal frequency of visits to diabetes services despite the high retention rate. The study reported significant variation in HBA1c between the CTP group and SCP group. A linear progression model reported that the follow-up HbAc1; p = improved by 1.2% for every increase in initialHemoglobin (at 95% CI,0.4, 1.9; p=0.01). Sequeira et al. 2014 Prospective, nonrandomized trial 81 Structured transition programme constituting diabetes education, case management, group meetings, and access to a novice ADS and website. 12 months Primary outcomes- routine clinic visits. Secondary outcomes- gycemic control, hypoglycemia, healh-care use, and psychosocial well-being. Intervention group had improved glycemic management (-0.4% vs. 0.4% p =0.01) in comparison to the control group, episodes of acutehypoglycemia (0%vs 0.16%, p =0.02), andpatientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s well-being (p=0.02) at 12 months. Egan, Corrigan, Shurping 2015 Mixed method (prospective longitudinal study) 29 Structured transition with joint appointments and transition coordinators 6 months Primary outcome- devotionto follow-up. Derivate outcome- diabetes-related suffering, professed health care provider independence support, quality of life, and AIC. There was a momentous correlation between the value of life and diabetes-related distress and correlation between diabetes-related distress and AIC during the pre-transition phase. Paired t-test reported a statistically significant decrease in diabetes pain and an increase in the quality of life. Vidal et al. 2004 80 Specifically designed transition therapeutic education programme (TEP). TEP constituted coordinated transfer visits and preliminary evaluation by the ADS professional 12 months Primary outcomes- glycemicmanagement, self-management and quality of life. Secondary outcomes-metabolic control, hypoglycemic episodes, and total daily insulin dose. TEP enhanced metabolic management (HbA 8.5 vs 7.4, p0.001) and decreased the number of severe hypoglycemic episodes (0.39 vs 0.14). Cadario et al. 2009 Retrospective examination 162 Structured transition 10 years Duration of transfer, HbA1c, and clinical attendance The transfer duration was longer in unstructured transition coupled with a lack of medical help. Structured transition significantly improved HbA1c (p 0.01) and improved clinical attendance. Holmes-Walker, Llewellyn,Farell 2006 191 Transition support programme 12 months Clinical attendance, HbA1c, number of admissions and readmissions with DKA, and hospital of stay. The transition support improved HbA1c (8.8+-1.9%, p 0.001) after five visits. Diabetes Ketoacidosis admissions reduced by 30% (p=0.05) and extent of stay following readmissions 2.4 Main Clinical Findings Steinbeck et al. (2015) conducted a randomized controlled trial of after discharge programme to helppaediatricswith type 1 diabetes transition from PDS to ADS. Using appointment and retention in the adult services as the primary outcome, and haemoglobin A1c, diabetes-related hospitalization and, global self-worth as the derivative outcome, Steinbeck et al. (2014) reported that CTP impact positively haemoglobin A1c. However, the study reported no noteworthy difference in the retention of patients in adult services. Additionally, the small sample did not allow for the stratification of the randomization by HbA1c. As such, the failure to record any significant difference between CTP and SCP can be attributed to the slow recruitment process that led to a small sample size and skewed representativeness of the target group. Although the study conducted in Australia provided fundamental feas...

The Juvenile Justice System Is A System Modeled To Provide

The Juvenile Justice System is a system modeled to provide a legal setting where youths account for their wrongs or are offered official protection. A distinct juveniles justice system commenced in the United States over 100 years ago. The first juvenile court was established in 1899. The system is founded under a range of core principles. First, juveniles are different from adults and hence need to be handled differently by the Justice System. Second, it is argued that juveniles differ from one another. Therefore, juveniles require individualized treatment depending on their unique circumstances and situations. The neglected and abused youths ought to receive different treatment from those who have committed minor status offenses (Hess,†¦show more content†¦In 1899, Cook County, Illinois established the first juvenile court. The idea of juvenile justice quickly spread in the United States (ABA Division for Public Education, 2017, p.5). Difference between the Juvenile and Adult Criminal Justice Systems The juvenile justice system differs from the adult criminal justice system in several ways. Firstly, it focuses on the adolescent or child as an individual in need of assistance instead of the act that resulted in him or her being brought before the judge or magistrate. In contrast, the adult criminal court concentrates on determining the guilt of the adult for the act that led to him being brought to court. Further, proceedings are informal on the juvenile justice system. The judge is given discretion because he/she is expected to act in the child’s best interest. There are procedural safeguards given to adults such as the right to know one’s charges, the right to legal counselright to be tried by a jury of one’s peers, and the right to challenge the accuser. These procedural safeguards were deemed unnecessary in a juvenile justice system (McCord, Widom, Crowell, 2001, p.154). More so, proceedings of a juvenile court are not open to the public. Further, juvenile records are kept confidential. The records are protected from public scrutiny so that they do not interfere in the child’s rehabilitation and reintegration into the society. Additionally, theShow MoreRelatedJuvenile Boot Camps Essay1006 Words   |  5 PagesRunning Head: Juvenile Boot Camps Juvenile Boot Camps John Coale TESST College CM102 Professor Tuer September 4, 2010 Abstract This paper will discuss the history of the canine dog. This paper will also discuss the different breeds of the canine and its purposes. This paper focuses on the training, handling, and the overall care of the canine by the police or other agencies involving canines. 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Crime occurs ubiquitously in the world; crime is so common that there is an entire profession made to study why crime occurs, there is also another profession meant to enforce the laws that define what is criminal. South Korea, like most other countries, has a common requirement to enter the ir criminal justice system: committing a crime is the first step in the process. The most

Alcoholism A Complex Disorder - 961 Words

Alcoholism is a very complex disorder. It is believed that genetics and several other biological factors are likely involved in the materialization of alcohol dependence, along with cognitive behavior, temperament, psychological and sociocultural factors. Alcohol use patterns including alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence are â€Å"familial† in nature (cf. Heath et al., Kendlerm Heath, heath Neale, Kessler Eaves, 1992; Hesselbrock, 1995) Alcohol abuse is a drinking pattern that results In significant and recurrent adverse consequences. People suffering from alcoholism (technically known as alcohol dependence) have lost reliable control of their alcohol use. Neither the amount or kind of alcohol that an alcohol dependent person consumes†¦show more content†¦Genetics, social factors, psychological and physiological all play a role. Every individual person is not always equally affected by each cause. For some people who suffer with alcoholism such psychological trai ts like low self-esteem, impulsiveness and the need for approval can prompt inappropriate drinking. Others may try and drink to cope or â€Å"self-medicate† their emotional problems. When people begin drinking excessively, the problem can perpetuate itself. Excessive drinking can cause physiological changes that make drinking copious amounts the only way to avoid discomfort. Genetic factors make some people especially vulnerable to alcohol dependence. The absence of family drinking problems doesn’t necessarily protect you from developing the problem just as a family history doesn’t always guarantee you will automatically have the same problem. Although there is some research that suggests small amounts have beneficial cardiovascular effects, there is even more widespread research that concludes heavier drinking can lead to health problems. Some Short-term effects include hangovers, loss of memory , and blackouts. Long-term effects associated with heavy drinking include heart problems, brain damage, even more serious memory loss , cirrhosis of the liver and cancer. Heavy drinkers markedly increase their chances of dying from, homicide, suicide and car accidents. Although men are much more likely than women to develop alcoholism, a women s

Applying DET to ICT Workplace Ethical Dilemma

Question: Describe about the Applying DET to ICT Workplace Ethical Dilemma. Answer: The Case A senior faculty member wanted an article from a current issue of a journal. The faculty could not access the journal through the department website. He wanted the Librarian to email a pdf copy to him, but the university license did not include certain features of use and do not allow to download this particular journal as pdf. The viewing of the article is allowed by the publisher. Pdf file can be available only on payment to the Licensor (American Counseling Association, 2005). The librarian does not have the authority to make payment to the licensor, but know how to copy the screen shots from the computer monitor. The faculty insisted to send the article or its images any way and somehow. About the Ethical Dilemmas of a Librarian Librarians interact with the users frequently and experience a variety of interpersonal situations. It is reported that most librarians encounter a variety of ethical issues on the job. Often, they need to balance their decisions to meet the interests of the information seekers and rights holders. The challenge to convince the users that their requests cannot be complied because of legal and ethical reasons is daunting. When the library staff asserts the legal aspects of information usage, the users get irritated. It can be inferred from the case that librarians are aware of and understand the ethical issues related to intellectual property (IP) rights, but they have difficulty in executing the ethical decisions (Luo, 2016). The librarians require techniques to resolve the ethical dilemmas relating to copyright and licensing infringements. One such technique is DET (Doing Ethics Technique). About DET The 'Doing Ethics' technique (DET) is a process used for analyzing the ethical dilemma (Simpson, Nevile Burmeister, 2003). This analysis always may not lead to a solution, but it helps to develop perspectives about the issue. The user of DET must answer the eight questions posed by the technique and all questions must be answered. After answering all the questions the user is expected to get a deeper perspective about the issue. Applying DET on the Librarians case The eight questions suggested in the Doing Ethics Technique are posed in a sequence (Simpson, Nevile, Burmeister, 2003) and the answers are provided along with. 1: What is going on? One of the faculties in the university has requested for an illegal copy of an article. The university library is strongly inclined towards Intellectual Property (IP) rights. The Publisher of the article has allowed only viewing; copying the content is not licensed (Trushina, 2004). 2: What are the issues? The faculty insists for a copy of the article even if it violates the license permissions. The librarian is experiencing a dilemma, whether to comply with the request of the faculty or avoid violations of the IP rights (Goldie et. al, 2002). 3: Who are affected? The faculty: if the article is not available, the faculty cannot achieve the goal The librarian: Providing copy to the faculty leads to IP rights violation and denial will affect the librarians function. The library: If the copy is provided to the faculty, the institution has violated its own policies about IP issues The publishers / Licensors: If the librarian provides illegal copy to the faculty, the publishers are denied revenue and their rights are violated. 4: What are the ethical issues? If the copy is provided to the faculty, the licensor may not know about it and there may not be a legal action. But, a librarian is a custodian of Intellectual property, and is liable to provide value to the creators of knowledge and its rights holders i.e. the authors and the publishers. The facultys ethical position is also challenged by the insistence shown (by him or her) to get the copy of the article. 5: what are the implications? The refusal to comply with the facultys request will help to build a responsible knowledge working community. If the librarian succumbs to the pressure from the faculty, it will lead to creation of unethical culture in the library. 6. What can be done about? Before making a decision the librarian may discuss with the supervisor about the issue, or contact the licensor to explore the possibilities of getting the copy free(of course, the librarian must not disclose the faculty request) or discuss with the authorities to include payment for the article in the budget (Kocet, 2006). 7. What are the options? The librarian can take efforts to deter the faculty from the practice (Luo, 2016). A formal request to waive the fee for the copy may be sent to the licensor. A request to library authorities to pay for the article may be presented. The librarian can provide the copy to the faculty and leave the matter 8. Which option is best and why? Paying for the article by the university library is the best option, because it protects all stake holders interest (Barsh Lisewski. 2008). The publishers are getting their revenue, the faculty can use the information with confidence, the library can uphold its values and the librarians dilemma is resolved with dignity. References Adele Barsh and Amy Lisewski. (2008), Library Managers and Ethical Leadership: A Survey of Current Practices from the Perspective of Business Ethics, Journal of Library Administration 47, no. 34 (October 2008): 2767. American Counseling Association. (2005).ACA code of ethics: As approved by the ACA Governing Council, 2005. American Counseling Association. Goldie, J., Schwartz, L., McConnachie, A., Morrison, J. (2002). The impact of three years' ethics teaching, in an integrated medical curriculum, on students proposed behaviour on meeting ethical dilemmas.Medical education,36(5), 489-497. Kathy Hoffman, (2005). Professional Ethics and Librarianship, Texas Library Journal 81, no. 3 (Fall 2005): 96101 Kocet, M. M. (2006). Ethical challenges in a complex world: Highlights of the 2005 ACA code of ethics.Journal of Counseling Development,84(2), 228-234. Luo, L. (2016). For Your Enrichment: Ethical Issues in Reference: An In-Depth View from the Librarians Perspective.Reference User Services Quarterly,55(3), 188-198. Simpson, C. R., Nevile, L., Burmeister, O. K. (2003). Doing ethics: A universal technique in an accessibility context. Australian Journal of Information Systems, 10(2), 127-133. Trushina, I. (2004). Freedom of access: ethical dilemmas for internet librarians.The electronic library,22(5), 416-421.

The Breakdown of Indigenous Culture in Australia

Culture is the entireness of socially imparted behavioral practices from one generation to the other. Culturally transferred patterns, from one generation to the other, play a vital role in the society, and determine the future prospects of that society (Angelo, 1994, p.10). The Indigenous culture in Australia has been systematically broken down since white settlement.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Breakdown of Indigenous Culture in Australia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the Aboriginal culture and beliefs, Aboriginal Australia has taken a position of a living legacy of spiritual knowledge and culture. In addition, there has been sharing of different affairs through rituals, art, dance and many more into what they referred as dreamtime (Black, 1983, p.28). The Aborigines believed that their spiritual ancestors descended from the sky. Ceremonial songs functioned to honor legends of the dreamtime creati on era. Before the settlement of the Europeans in Australia in the 17th century, there was an estimate of over 600 groups of Aborigines. These groups had different dialects and cultures that gave them identity (Angelo, 1994, p.23). The settlement of the Europeans in Australia had superficial effects on the Aboriginal groups in the continent. Most of the dwellers believe that if they retained their culture as before, the groups’ status could be the same as those of individual countries with different languages like the ones that make up Europe. However, the British attempt to incorporate Australia into their empire, brought their success into an end. The 17th century marks the start of the modern Australian history to most of the individuals. This perception is in contrast with the view of the Aborigines since to them; it marks the beginning of the European invasion. The Europeans expected the Australian natives to integrate into their (European) ways promptly and without any question. The aborigines came across many social attitudes beyond their understanding. In addition, introduction of firearms, alcohol, and other devices took place leading to premature deaths of many Aborigines. The sudden introduction of the social evils from the western world resulted into considerable destruction to the Aborigines who had a cultural aim of living in harmony with each other. The Aborigines became foreigners in their own land since the Europeans had assumed supreme authority over everything on the land (Baldaulf, 1995, p.53). In addition, the Europeans treated the Aborigines in a harsh manner resulting to their inability to access the sacred sites and their hunting ventures ended.Advertising Looking for essay on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Aborigines went through intense discrimination leading to condemnation and ridiculing of their lifestyle. During the colonial time, regarding of t he Aborigines as inferior led to lying down of missioners to keep them away from the society by closely supervising them all the time (Black, 1983, p.32). The colonialists claimed that the main aim of the close supervision was to protect the Aborigines from the Europeans. The missioners had a resemblance of concentration camps and the rules were that, unauthorized individuals could not leave or enter the designated areas. The missioners also barred natives from accessing some hospitals, which was a sign of total discrimination. In this essence, the Europeans portrayed no cultural diversity in the society. The missions forced the Aborigines to speak and dress like them with an intention of destroying the original society, and this made the Aborigines forget their traditional culture. This act killed cultural diversification since the Aborigines had no right to exercise their culture (Basso, 1998, p.20). In addition, the missions intended to bring to extinction the Aboriginal’s blood. Later, the white Australians adopted the Aborigines babies with an intention that they could forget their past and adapt with the white world. Moreover, the white Australians went to the extent of having powers to control the possessions of the Aborigines. The white Australians could not allow the Aborigines into the public facilities and occasions. Discrimination was not because the Aborigines could not afford for the services; no, they were considered primitive and uncivilized. In addition, the whites placed curfews in some areas, which meant that the Aborigines could not remain in town after certain hours. Moreover, discrimination took place even in education and health sectors. This also extended into the land ownership and employment opportunities, even though, the discriminatory practices were unlawful. Since the 18th century until late 19th century, there occurred controversy on the removal of children from the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders. The federal and t he state government had the responsibility of doing this. This was in collaboration with the church agencies as an official government policy (Black, 1983, p.40).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Breakdown of Indigenous Culture in Australia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There was no clear reason of doing this and it remained uncontested by the people. The only known explanation indicated that the government feared the Aboriginal population would become extinct due to disease outbreaks. However, others held that the move was meant to protect children. In the 20th century, many changes in various sectors have taken place to avoid discrimination among the people. It is only a few years down the line since the Aborigines gained recognition as Australian citizens. It is during this time where most people agreed that the Aborigine should also have equal treatment as the ordinary Australians (Basso, 1998, p.23). Even after the passing of these laws, the Aborigines have continued to experience discrimination though they have greater control over their lives. In addition, only after a few decades, the Aborigines started experiencing an improved sense of equality. This was through better residential schemes, employment opportunities, education and many more. Moreover, the Aborigines regained of their land and still hoped that, with time, there would be an improvement on the attitude between different cultural groups. Currently, most of the Australians have pushed for reconciliation that will unite the indigenous and the non-indigenous Australians. In the modern Australia, most of the customs and activities have taken a new direction following the European contact. With this regard, new ways were passed from one generation to the other, considering them as traditional (Black, 1983, p.42). Changes in the Aboriginal culture have taken place over the last many years. Archeological studies reveal t his aspect, indicating that, there is no specific Aboriginal traditional culture since it varies with time and place. In the entire continent of Australia, Aboriginal language and culture is not uniform. The difference varies with demographic regions. The curved returning boomerang and the didgeridoo are examples of the Aboriginal culture. These two examples did spread well along the different regions of Australia. The returning boomerang took place in the southeastern part (Fasold, 1984, p.21). On the other hand, the didgeridoo, used during ceremonies, took place in the northern part. The continent had over 350 tribes each having its own language and traditions. In Australia, certain facets of culture exist in some parts but are lacking in the others because the continent is made of groups of states. This means that some practices took place in some areas, by particular tribes.Advertising Looking for essay on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Rise in sea level separated the Aborigines from the south from the mainland before the arrival of the Europeans. The aborigines in the south were the most isolated individuals in the world. They missed the humankind innovations in the stone technology (Dixon, 1980, p.50). People in the far north do not consider themselves as Aborigines; they consider themselves as a distinct group, and their culture is a blend of the Aborigines from the mainland and that of individuals from Papua New Guinea. In the modern Australia, the Aboriginals have almost adopted the living styles of the European culture; only a few groups can show or define their native culture. In other areas, families in the remote regions are working hard to maintain the traditions and live in ceremonial life (Janke, 1998, p.10). In addition, there are people living in the Aboriginal communities buying most of the basic needs and at times following the traditional methods of survival. Moreover, at the far end are the urban Aborigines who have adopted the European living styles. Inevitable changes such as the modern transport and living style had to take place in the Australian continent. Contemporary Australia is rooted in liberal democratic traditions. In Australia, three key societal values that include tolerance, informality, and egalitarianism, are well known. Anglo-Celtic origins have highly influenced the Australian’s culture (Janke, 1998, p.12). In addition, multi-ethnic migrations have also influenced the Australian life. Australia does not have an official language though English is the prevalent language. According to the recent census, a population of approximately 80% mostly uses English in homes because of influence by the colonialists where the indigenous language had no meaning. A good number of migrants in Australia are bilingual. During the time of the first European contact, more than 200 Aboriginal languages were in existence; however, approximately 70 languages are in existe nce currently (Fasold, 1984, p.23). Different developments that took place in the Australian continent threatened the indigenous languages. In some states, few indigenous languages survived. In countries where Europeans settled, indigenous languages underwent embattlement since the start of the colonial power. Colonialists in Australia based division of labor in gender, where women were associated with the private sphere. In addition, they were also associated with the unpaid work and the home (Dixon, 1980, p.56). On the other hand, men were associated with the public sphere. Moreover, men got associated with the paid work and the larger society. Division of labor was dominant during the early years of settlement. It is during this era when women took the role of homemakers whose role was to bring civility to men. In the traditional Australia, grouping of occupations was sex-segregated. Since 1970s, passing of policies to promote gender equality in all areas took place (Campbell, 19 97, p.78). This gave more room for women to participate in the secondary and higher education. In addition, there was an increase in the general workforce and availability of childcare. Cultural diversity has taken place in this essence bringing changes in areas like these where women have equal roles as men. In the formation of the government, Australia uses the British system. Elections take place after every four years for the federal, state, and territorial seats (Black, 1983, p.45). In the past, during the colonial rule, the Australian continent had different regions as they are nowadays. The system of the political parties in Australia bears features of the arrangements made by the federation of state. Three levels of government leaderships exist where democratic voting of the officials takes place. This gives the people freedom of choice compared to the colonial empire where dictation took place. Social stratification in Australia falls under three categories. These classes i nclude the working, the middle, and the upper class. The differences between the three groups raise alarm seriously. Individuals considered as the wealthiest fall in the upper class category. These individuals get their wealth from land ownership and capital generation. The middle class has individuals with non-manual occupations. As aforementioned, materials owned underscore the class of an individual; therefore, expensive clothes, cars, and homes characterize individuals in the upper class. The economic value of these properties varies across the regions (Basso, 1998, p.34). In other cases, the property owned cannot always characterize the class of different individuals. Patterns of speech and the mode of lifestyles may be strong indicators of a given class. Social welfare in Australia takes the notion of egalitarianism. In the wake of the 19th century, lawmaking has furthered impartiality in the society. This was meant to improve the chances to individuals with different disabili ties. During the colonial era, the Aborigines received massive discrimination from the whites in terms of accessing public facilities. The most common welfare issues are the rising unemployment and the aged people (Baldaulf, 1995, p.67). In addition, childcare, poverty, and helping individuals from the remote areas fall in the list. It is the culture of the Australians to offer equal treatment to the needy individuals without discrimination. Australians have the freedom to religion. The constitution supports this by guaranteeing religious freedom. In Australia, there is no official national religion, and this aspect puts Christianity in the forefront as the dominant religion in the country. The colonialists introduced the Anglican belief in the 17th century and most of the population identify with Christianity. Australia has gained its fame in religious diversity due to the extensive immigration. All faiths have gained a representation in the country since most of the indigenous peo ple have embraced Christianity. This has resulted from the close relationship between the citizens and the missionaries (Angelo, 1994, p.46). Religious alternatives had a small presence since the 1850s. The New Age movement represents a set of growing beliefs. The movement arrived in the 1960s and was able to spread greatly by the 1990s giving some way for paganism. In addition, it has given way for other aspects of the occult among a small fraction of the citizens. In conclusion, the settling of the Europeans in Australia played a prominent role in changing the culture of the Aborigines. The Europeans changed the lifestyle of the Aborigines tremendously by making them leave their indigenous culture. They have also brought to extinction the different tribes that were the original people of the country making them abandon their indigenous languages (Janke, 1998, p.89). The 20th century brought many changes in different areas though the Australians did not abandon some of the things t hey acquired during the colonial empire. In the current Australia, the government formation has taken after the British systems who were their colonizers. Bearing all the above in mind, it suffices to conclude that the indigenous culture in Australia has been broken down since the white settlement. Reference List Angelo, D. (1994). Australian phrasebook. Victoria: Lonely planet. Baldaulf, R. (1995). Backing Australian languages: Review of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages initiatives program. Canberra: National languages and literacy institute of Australia. Basso, K. (1998). Wisdom sits in places: Language and landscape among the western Apache. Albuquerque: University of Mexico press. Black, P. (1983). Aboriginal languages of the northern territory. Batchelor: SAL. Campbell, L. (1997). American Indian languages. London: Oxford university press. Dixon, R. (1980). The languages of Australia. Australia: Cambridge university press. Fasold, R. (1984). The sociolinguist ics of society. Oxford: Blackwell. Janke, T. (1998). Our culture, our future: Report on Australian indigenous cultural and intellectual property rights. Canberra: Viberg press. This essay on The Breakdown of Indigenous Culture in Australia was written and submitted by user Aviana Gonzalez to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

From Boom to Bust Financial Crisis of 2008

From Boom to Bust Financial Crisis of 2008 Although academic interest in the global financial crisis that began in the United States in mid-2008 has declined as time goes on, it is a brief period in world economic history that is worth remembering and understanding. Although academic interest in the global financial crisis that began in the United States in mid-2008 has declined as time goes on, it is a brief period in world economic history that is worth remembering and understanding. In many respects, the consequences of the crisis have become a way of life; while the world economy is slowly improving, the financial crisis fundamentally changed many economic relationships between governments, financial institutions, markets, and consumers. From Boom to Bust in Six Easy Steps The chain of events that explains the financial crisis is relatively simple.  Naturally, each of these steps involved a large number of contributing factors. As the US economy improved after the â€Å"dot-com bubble† that created a short-term decline in 1999-2000, much of the recovery was directed into residential construction. In order to generate demand for the huge supply of housing, banks, and lending companies began issuing large numbers of â€Å"adjustable-rate mortgages†, mortgages with a low initial rate and with generally less stringent qualifications for buyers; this allowed a large number of people who had previously not been able to afford their own home a chance to buy one, and in many cases, spend more than was prudent for their level of income. WHAT IS FIAT MONEY The expansion of consumer credit in home loans also led to an increase in credit-funded consumer spending in other parts of the economy as well, fueled in large part through loans against home equity; as long as demand for housing remained strong – which was encouraged by looser credit standards – home prices and property values remained high, and consumers could use that value as collateral for additional spending. Eventually, the housing supply reached a saturation point, which under â€Å"normal† circumstances would have resulted in housing prices declining gradually until a supply-demand equilibrium was reached; this would have been partly achieved by lenders tightening lending standards and incrementally increasing interest rates to compensate for lower revenues. Three things made the situation beginning in late 2005 less than â€Å"normal,† however: The lending business had expanded along with the housing market Because the demand for mortgages was roughly equal to the demand for houses, a large number of lending businesses – most operating under regulatory guidelines that were much less strict than for banks – were started after 2000. The problem this caused was a lack of funding; mortgages take a little time, from the perspective of the lender, to start providing a stable revenue stream that can be used for new loans, unless the lender has a large initial financial reserve, which many did not. That led to the growth of creative funding concepts, such as Mortgage-backed securities, which became a hot market commodity In order to fund the lending boom, large and small lenders alike bundled their outstanding mortgages into financial derivatives called mortgage-backed securities, which took a variety of forms. An MBS is essentially a claim on a percentage of the cash inflow from a mortgage or group of mortgages and is generally paid on a monthly or quarterly basis, similar to a bond coupon. Once an MBS is created, however, its value as a tradable security is not necessarily limited to the expected revenue on paper from the mortgages in the pool; prior to 2008, the market value of these derivatives grew to several trillion dollars, many times the value of the properties they represented. The volatility of these MBS derivatives was a significant trigger for the financial disaster, because MBS were traded worldwide, meaning that US conditions were underliers for the entire global financial system. The drop in home prices, which was an inevitable consequence of a saturated market, led to lower revenues for lenders, which began to reduce the value of MBS’s. This created one self-feeding cycle because it led to less financing for new mortgages; it led to another because the only way the lenders could compensate was to raise the interest – sometimes precipitously – on their adjustable-rate mortgages, which in turn led to an accelerating number of mortgage defaults by borrowers. A mortgage that is not being paid has zero value as part of an MBS; in what seemed to be overnight but in reality was a period from late-2006 to mid-2008, an enormous amount of asset value held by financial institutions in the form of mortgage-backed securities simply vanished. The impact on financial institutions meant that, at a minimum, lending became severely restricted, and a large number of institutions failed outright – 25 in the US in 2008 alone. The evaporation of the credit market impacted business and consumer spending and created the deepest recession in the US since the Great Depression of the 1930’s. Financial institutions overseas were not spared, either; large organizations such as the UK’s Northern Rock, Switzerland’s UBS, and the Royal Bank of Scotland were deeply exposed to the crisis through the MBS trade  and had to resort to various levels of government intervention to prevent utter chaos. The MBS problem affected a large number of investment organizations as well, companies and government bodies who held a large number of derivatives as part of the financial portfolios for pensions and retirement savings for workers. MONEY MAKES THE WORLD GO AROUND The history of the financial crisis is mainly a lesson about the complex – and evidently potentially-risky – connections in global economics. The entire world economy suffered because of an unsustainable condition in the housing market in the US, and the financial products and processes that evolved as a result of that condition. Moves by governments toward better regulation of financial industries, such as the new requirements for financial reserves that will be required under the Third Basel Accord, have largely been aimed at providing firewalls to prevent future financial crises from spreading as far and as fast. In another respect, however, the history of the financial crisis serves as a warning of what can go wrong. In this context, we may find ourselves with some reasons to worry; in some parts of the world such as China and developing Asian countries, rapid expansion of real-estate markets threatens to reach the same â€Å"bubble† levels as what occurred i n the US, and financial markets are beginning to see the reintroduction of exotic derivative securities. Knowing how quickly things can spiral out of control might help to prevent or at least lessen the effects of future financial crises.

Michael jackson's Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Michael jackson's - Essay Example Three songs that best exemplify Michael Jackson’s work were off of his 1991 Dangerous album of which were Will you be there, Give it to me, and jam. By listening to his virtuosic rhythms as well as rich harmony; the signature bass lines and the detailed layers of unusual sounds, which went beyond the typical classics, as well as song play (Vogel, 2012). In addition, the song transitions made from New Jack Swing, R&B, as well as rock. His music was without barriers or borders, and echoed globally. These three songs although not that great in regards to Jackson’s musical stardom can be viewed as risks songs he took as well as experimental ones of which ended up being huge successes among many others from the dangerous album. The reason behind this is that Jackson wanted songs that were a cleaner, more calculated and colder version of some of the songs that were on the thriller album and partially the bad album as well. The end result of the risk songs were a sharper and h arder song production, which were meant to hit the streets (jam was a street song), as well as touch the hearts of the middle class listeners (with will you be there) and appeal to the rock fans and general fans with the hard hitting fusion of rock and R&B (with give it to me). These three song cut across everybody’s music taste in one way or another. Michael Jackson’s position in a musical pantheon was very opinionated. These entire artist had one thing in common, they were music geniuses in their own right and during their times. But what sets Michael Jackson apart is that his music broke cultural and racial grounds which are something that lacked in the likes of Mozart and Beethoven. Furthermore, he commanded and entertained millions of fans globally. The bottom line of the various opinions was founded on racial grounds especially black artist who were considered to be lacking in substance in